The increasing integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in education has posed a question for educators: are learners prepared for fully AI instruction without teacher intervention? There has been some research investigating whether AI-supported agents can act as teachers, and some researchers have even raised the question of whether teachers might still be necessary in the future. In this hypothetical case of fully AI-mediated lessons, are younger learners ready to learn solely through AI technology? This study addresses this concern by examining whether high school students can effectively learn Spanish as a foreign language solely with AI and how such outcomes compare with traditional teacher-led education. Based on student agency and self-directed learning theories (Knowles, 1975; Candy, 1991; Long, 1996), the study employed a crossover experimental design in a technology-rich international school. Participants worked on two units (Spanish reflexive verbs and Spanish past tense) under two conditions: teacher-led instruction and self-directed learning via a custom AI-supported app. Data were collected through pre- and posttests, a confidence survey, and semi-structured student interviews. Quantitative analyses revealed that while AI-led lessons helped in concept acquisition, overall levels of learning were not significantly higher than those of traditional teaching methods. However, qualitative findings indicated that students continued to rely on teachers for clarification, error correction, and emotional support, despite high engagement with AI-driven tools. The study presents original empirical data offering insights for debates on AI, learner autonomy, and the future of education. Findings support hybrid methodologies that integrate technological agency with teacher support.

Authors:
Miguel Varela, Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, Spain

About the Presenter(s)
Dr. Miguel Varela is an adjunct professor at UNIR and UOC. His main interests are in Language Technologies, Educational Technology, AI, and Innovative Technology Integration.

Connect on Linkedin
https://www.linkedin.com/in/migvar/

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